STEROIDS - GIAMBI




Steroids - Giambi


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New York Yankees star Jason Giambi told a federal grand jury that he had injected himself with human growth hormone during the 2003 baseball season and had started using steroids at least two years earlier, The Chronicle has learned.

Giambi has publicly denied using performance-enhancing drugs, but his Dec. 11, 2003, testimony in the BALCO steroids case contradicts those statements, according to a transcript of the grand jury proceedings reviewed by The Chronicle.

The onetime Oakland A's first baseman and 2000 American League Most Valuable Player testified that in 2003, when he hit 41 home runs for the Yankees, he had used several different steroids obtained from Greg Anderson, weight trainer for San Francisco Giants star Barry Bonds.

In his testimony, Giambi described how he had used syringes to inject human growth hormone into his stomach and testosterone into his buttocks. Giambi also said he had taken "undetectable" steroids known as "the clear" and "the cream" -- one a liquid administered by placing a few drops under the tongue, the other a testosterone-based balm rubbed onto the body.



The 33-year-old Yankee said Anderson had provided him with all of the drugs except for human growth hormone, which he said he had obtained at a Las Vegas gym. Anderson also provided him syringes, Giambi said.

Agent Arn Tellem, who accompanied Giambi and his younger brother, Jeremy, to the grand jury, did not return calls seeking comment. Other efforts to reach the Giambis were unsuccessful.

Anderson has denied wrongdoing in the BALCO case. His attorney, J. Tony Serra, declined comment, citing a court order aimed at preserving the secrecy of grand jury proceedings.

The Giambis were among more than two dozen elite athletes summoned to San Francisco last year to testify in the federal investigation centered on the Bay Area Laboratory Co-Operative, a Burlingame nutritional business suspected of distributing "designer" steroids to elite athletes. In February, the grand jury indicted Anderson, BALCO founder Victor Conte and two other men on charges of conspiracy to distribute steroids and money laundering. They have pleaded not guilty.

Jeremy Giambi, a former A's outfielder who spent 2004 with the minor league Las Vegas 51s, also told the BALCO grand jury that he had injected banned drugs received from Anderson, according to a transcript of his testimony.

Both Giambis testified that they had already used steroids before they met Anderson or heard of BALCO, and they said they were drawn to the trainer because of Bonds' success.

Bonds has denied using steroids and other performance-enhancing drugs. Jason Giambi hit 94 home runs in three seasons with the Yankees. But he played in fewer than half the team's games this year, reportedly ill with an intestinal parasite and a benign tumor on his pituitary gland. His ties to BALCO fueled speculation that his illness was related to steroid use, but he told reporters in August that there was no connection.

In front of the grand jury, the Giambi brothers were instructed that they had been granted immunity from prosecution if they told the truth but faced perjury charges if they lied. In his testimony, Jason Giambi told the grand jury he had used the injectable steroid Deca Durabolin "two years ago" -- that is, in 2001, his last year with Oakland -- after obtaining the drug from a source at a Gold's Gym in Las Vegas. Giambi said he had met Anderson in November 2002, when Bonds brought the trainer to join a group of big-leaguers on a barnstorming tour of Japan. Giambi said he had queried Anderson about Bonds' workout and health regimens.

"So I started to ask him: 'Hey, what are the things you're doing with Barry? He's an incredible player. I want to still be able to work out at that age and keep playing,' " Giambi testified. "And that's how the conversation first started." Giambi said Anderson had suggested getting his blood tested for mineral deficiencies and taking supplements to counter those shortages; it was a snapshot description of the legitimate business BALCO performed for athletes. Giambi called Anderson upon returning to the States, then flew to the Bay Area in late November or early December 2002 and met him in Burlingame at a gym down the street from BALCO, he told the grand jury. From there, the two men went to a hospital for Giambi to provide blood and urine samples, which were taken to BALCO, Giambi testified.

Either during that meeting or in a phone conversation shortly thereafter, Giambi said, Anderson began discussing various performance-enhancing drugs he could provide the ballplayer. Also, when Anderson received the results of Giambi's blood and urine tests, Anderson told him he had tested positive for Deca Durabolin, the steroid Giambi said he had obtained at the Las Vegas gym. Giambi said Anderson had warned him to stop using it, saying it could stay in his system a long time. At the time, baseball was implementing its first-ever steroids-testing program at the major-league level, during the 2003 season. It is illegal to obtain steroids or human growth hormone without a doctor's prescription. During his testimony, the 10-year veteran described how Anderson had begun sending him several different performance-enhancers, including a batch of injectable testosterone, "the cream" and "the clear." Giambi also testified that Anderson had advised him about the use of the human growth hormone he had obtained at the gym in Las Vegas.

Anderson kept him supplied with drugs through the All-Star break in July 2003, Giambi said. He said he had received a second and final batch of testosterone in July but opted not to use it because he had a knee injury and "didn't want to do any more damage."

"Did Mr. Anderson provide you with actual injectable testosterone?" Assistant U.S. Attorney Jeffrey Nedrow asked Giambi. "Yes," replied Giambi.

Nedrow then referred Giambi to an alleged calender of drug use seized during a raid on Anderson's home. Addressing a January 2003 entry, the prosecutor said: "OK. And this injectable T, or testosterone, is basically a steroid, correct?" "Yes." "And did he talk to you about the fact it was a steroid at the time?"

"Yeah, I mean, I -- I don't know if we got into a conversation about it, but we both knew about it, yes," Giambi told the grand jury. Giambi said Anderson described "the cream" and "the clear" as "an alternative to steroids, but it doesn't show on a steroid test.

"And he started talking about that it would raise your testosterone levels, you know, which would basically make it a steroid ... or maybe he said it's an alternative of taking an injectable steroid," Giambi said. "That might be a better way to put it." Giambi also described for the grand jury how he had injected the testosterone and human growth hormone, which he said Anderson told him he could provide if Giambi couldn't get it elsewhere. The growth hormone was taken "subcutaneous ... so like you would pinch the fat on your stomach" and inject the substance just below the skin, Giambi testified. Asked whether the same were true for testosterone, Giambi told the prosecutor that it called for a regular injection.

"So, you would put it in your arm?" Nedrow asked. "No, you wouldn't," Giambi said. "You'd put it in your ass." Giambi said he wasn't worried about testing positive for testosterone because he had only taken the drug during the off-season, and Anderson assured him it would be out of his system before he was called for a steroid test.

Nedrow also asked Giambi about several different-colored pills Anderson provided; they were denoted on calendars as "Y" for yellow, "W" for white and "O" for orange, according to the ballplayer. Giambi testified that he didn't know what the pills were, though he thought the white one might have been Clomid, a female fertility drug that can enhance the effectiveness of testosterone. His use of the drug was reflected on a calendar, the prosecutor said. "I don't know what they were," Giambi testified. "He didn't really explain them. He just had told me to take them. And it had -- he explained it has something to do with the system. ... He just said to take it in conjunction with all the stuff."

Giambi said Anderson had led him to believe that he was among a select few athletes dealing with the trainer. He made it "sound like I even needed a lottery ticket to even talk to him about it," Giambi said. "Did he ever say, 'Don't be talking about getting stuff from me?' " asked Nedrow.

"That's what I mean by saying that he made it so, you know, private, that you know, 'Hey, don't say anything, don't talk about anything,' " Giambi told the grand jury. "You know, I assumed because he's Barry's trainer -- you know, Barry -- but he never said one time, 'This is what Barry's taking, this is what Barry's doing.' He never gave up another name that he was dealing with or doing anything with." Giambi said he had spent somewhere between $7,000 and $10,000 on performance-enhancers provided by the trainer. Toward the end of his grand jury testimony, which followed a 2003 season in which he nursed the knee injury and hit just .250, Giambi was asked, "Had this all not become public, would you still be using?"

"I didn't actually notice a huge difference, to be honest with you," Giambi answered. "I, of course, got injured this year. So, that's not a fair assessment, either. Maybe, yes, no, I don't know." Finally, Nedrow asked Giambi whether Anderson had done anything to help the player with his weight-training regimen "or was it more on these things?"

Said Giambi: "It was more on these things." Giambi, a five-time All-Star, played his first seven seasons in Oakland, emerging as one of the game's top stars. After the 2001 season, the 6-foot-3- inch, 235-pound slugger signed a seven-year, $120 million contract with the Yankees. Two months after testifying before the grand jury, Giambi reported to spring training this year looking considerably thinner, though he insisted he had lost just four pounds. There was speculation that the weight loss stemmed from Giambi's stopping the use of steroids. Asked by reporters during spring training whether he ever used performance-enhancing drugs, Giambi said, "Are you talking about steroids? No."

Steroids talk swirled around Giambi again when he was sidelined during the season by mysterious ailments: first a reported intestinal parasite, then the tumor. Both he and the Yankees were tight-lipped about the tumor, refusing to disclose its location or treatment. The New York Daily News reported Sept. 3 that the tumor was in his pituitary gland, which is at the base of the brain, and that Giambi's secrecy had stemmed from fears that news about the diagnosis would lead to further speculation about steroid use. Medical experts told The Chronicle that Clomid, the female fertility drug that Giambi was questioned about, can exacerbate a tumor of the pituitary gland. The drug's label warns physicians not to prescribe Clomid to patients with pituitary tumors.

Giambi ultimately played in only 80 games during the season and was left off the postseason roster. He finished with a .208 batting average, 12 home runs and 40 runs batted in. Giambi also testified that he had helped his younger brother, Jeremy, who played with the A's from 2000 to 2002, to obtain drugs from Anderson.

Jeremy Giambi's testimony mirrored his brother's -- right down to Anderson's notifying him that he had tested positive for the steroid Deca Durabolin. Jeremy Giambi described to the grand jury how he had injected human growth hormone and testosterone he received from the trainer before the start of the 2003 season, when he played for the Boston Red Sox. The younger Giambi testified that he knew testosterone was a steroid but that Anderson had described "the clear" and "the cream" only as undetectable "alternatives to steroids." "For all I knew, it could have been baby lotion," Jeremy Giambi told the grand jury.

Jeremy Giambi, 30, also told the grand jury that he had taken several different-colored pills provided by Anderson even though he didn't know what they were. Nedrow asked Jeremy Giambi why he trusted Anderson.

"I don't know, I guess -- I mean, you're right," Jeremy Giambi testified. "I probably shouldn't have trusted the guy. But I just felt like, you know, what he had done for Barry and, you know, I didn't think the guy would send me something that was, you know, Drano or something, you know, I mean, I hope he wouldn't." Nedrow suggested Jeremy Giambi probably also trusted Anderson's drugs because his brother had taken them, too. Said Jeremy: "Yeah, and Jason didn't die."

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Performance-enhancing drug directory Banned by sports organizations and illegal to use without a prescription, steroids can help athletes become bigger, stronger and faster and allow them to recover from workouts more quickly. But experts say performance-enhancing drugs pose serious health risks. Here are drugs that have been mentioned in testimony before the BALCO grand jury: "The Clear," also known as THG

Medical use: None. A steroid designed to avoid detection, allegedly marketed by BALCO. Scientists say it is related to gestrinone, a synthetic hormone used to treat the female gynecological condition endometriosis, and trenbolone, used to improve muscle quality in beef cattle. Performance-enhancing use: Elite athletes were told "the clear" was a steroid "undetectable" by conventional steroid tests.

Side effects: Unknown. U.S. Food and Drug Administration warns it "may pose considerable risks to health." "The Cream" Medical use: None. Another BALCO "designer" steroid. Scientists say it is a mixture of testosterone and epitestosterone, a naturally produced substance with no known function.

Performance-enhancing use: Builds strength. BALCO claimed the drug was "undetectable" on conventional drug tests, which measure the ratio between testosterone and epitestosterone.
Batting   Glossary

 Year Ag Tm  Lg  G   AB    R    H   2B 3B  HR  RBI  SB CS  BB  SO   BA   OBP   SLG   TB   SH  SF IBB HBP GDP
+--------------+---+----+----+----+---+--+---+----+---+--+---+---+-----+-----+-----+----+---+---+---+---+---+
 1995 24 OAK AL  54  176   27   45   7  0   6   25   2  1  28  31  .256  .364  .398   70   1   2   0   3   4
 1996 25 OAK AL 140  536   84  156  40  1  20   79   0  1  51  95  .291  .355  .481  258   1   5   3   5  15
 1997 26 OAK AL 142  519   66  152  41  2  20   81   0  1  55  89  .293  .362  .495  257   0   8   3   6  11
 1998 27 OAK AL 153  562   92  166  28  0  27  110   2  2  81 102  .295  .384  .489  275   0   9   7   5  16
 1999 28 OAK AL 158  575  115  181  36  1  33  123   1  1 105 106  .315  .422  .553  318   0   8   6   7  11
 2000 29 OAK AL 152  510  108  170  29  1  43  137   2  0 137  96  .333  .476  .647  330   0   8   6   9   9
 2001 30 OAK AL 154  520  109  178  47  2  38  120   2  0 129  83  .342  .477  .660  343   0   9  24  13  17
 2002 31 NYY AL 155  560  120  176  34  1  41  122   2  2 109 112  .314  .435  .598  335   0   5   4  15  18
 2003 32 NYY AL 156  535   97  134  25  0  41  107   2  1 129 140  .250  .412  .527  282   0   5   9  21   9
 2004 33 NYY AL  80  264   33   55   9  0  12   40   0  1  47  62  .208  .342  .379  100   0   3   1   8   5
 2005 34 NYY AL 139  417   74  113  14  0  32   87   0  0 108 109  .271  .440  .535  223   0   1   5  19   7
+--------------+---+----+----+----+---+--+---+----+---+--+---+---+-----+-----+-----+----+---+---+---+---+---+
 11 Seasons         5174      1526      8     1031     10    1025  .295  .413  .539        2  63  68 111 122
               1483       925      310    313       13    979                       2791
+--------------+---+----+----+----+---+--+---+----+---+--+---+---+-----+-----+-----+----+---+---+---+---+---+
 162 Game Avg        565  101  167  34  1  34  113   1  1 107 112  .295  .413  .539  305   0   7   7  12  13
 Career High    158  575  120  181  47  2  43  137   2  2 137 140  .342  .477  .660  343   1   9  24  21  18

Special Batting   Glossary

 Year Ag Tm  Lg  PA  Outs  RC  RC/27  OWP    BA *lgBA   OBP *lgOBP  SLG *lgSLG  OPS *lgOPS*OPS+ psOPS  SB%
+--------------+----+----+----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+----+-----+----+
 1995 24 OAK AL  210  139   25  4.86      | .256  .259| .364  .332| .398  .410| .761  .741| 107        66%
 1996 25 OAK AL  598  402   91  6.11      | .291  .272| .355  .345| .481  .437| .836  .782| 113         0%
 1997 26 OAK AL  588  387   93  6.49      | .293  .269| .362  .338| .495  .425| .857  .763| 124         0%
 1998 27 OAK AL  657  423  106  6.77      | .295  .268| .384  .336| .489  .427| .873  .763| 129        50%
 1999 28 OAK AL  695  414  134  8.74      | .315  .274| .422  .346| .553  .438| .975  .784| 148        50%
 2000 29 OAK AL  664  357  157 11.87      | .333  .270| .476  .342| .647  .434|1.123  .777| 188       100%
 2001 30 OAK AL  671  368  162 11.89      | .342  .263| .477  .329| .660  .421|1.137  .750| 202       100%
 2002 31 NYY AL  689  409  143  9.44      | .314  .262| .435  .329| .598  .421|1.034  .750| 174        50%
 2003 32 NYY AL  690  416  112  7.27      | .250  .263| .412  .328| .527  .421| .939  .749| 151        66%
 2004 33 NYY AL  322  218   33  4.09      | .208  .266| .342  .333| .379  .427| .720  .760|  91         0%
 2005 34 NYY AL  545  312   94  8.13      | .271  .272| .440  .335| .535  .431| .975  .766| 156         0%
+--------------+----+----+----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+----+-----+----+
 11 Seasons     6329 3845 1150  8.08      | .295  .268| .413  .336| .539  .428| .953  .764| 149        56%

* indicates the value is park adjusted
Fielding   Glossary

 Year Ag Tm  Lg Pos   G     PO    A    E   DP    FP   lgFP  RFg  lgRFg  RF9  lgRF9  GS   Inn
+--------------+---+----+------+----+----+----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+----+------+
 1995 24 OAK AL  3B   30     27   45    3    4  .960  .952  2.40  2.19
                 1B   26    167   10    1   20  .994  .993  6.81  8.32
                 DH    2
 1996 25 OAK AL  1B   45    379   32    3   38  .993  .992  9.13  7.92
                 LF   44     66    6    0    1 1.000  .979  1.64  1.75
                 3B   39     31   79    8   10  .932  .956  2.82  2.18
                 DH   12
                 RF    1      2    0    0    0 1.000  .979  2.00  1.70
 1997 26 OAK AL  LF   68    102    5    2    1  .982  .979  1.57  1.71
                 1B   51    399   39    5   49  .989  .992  8.59  8.04
                 DH   25
 1998 27 OAK AL  1B  146   1255   73   14  120  .990  .992  9.10  8.30
                 DH    7
 1999 28 OAK AL  1B  142   1251   45    7  128  .995  .992  9.13  8.33
                 DH   15
                 3B    1      0    0    0    0              0.00  2.20
 2000 29 OAK AL  1B  124   1161   59    6  114  .995  .993  9.84  8.17 10.32  9.37  124 1064.3
                 DH   24
 2001 30 OAK AL  1B  136   1224   75   11  107  .992  .993  9.55  8.27  9.94  9.39  136 1176.3
                 DH   17
 2002 31 NYY AL  1B   92    761   35    4   53  .995  .993  8.65  8.02  9.16  9.33   92  781.7
                 DH   63
 2003 32 NYY AL  1B   85    748   19    4   63  .995  .993  9.02  8.29  9.29  9.55   85  742.7
                 DH   69
 2004 33 NYY AL  1B   47    372   14    4   30  .990  .994  8.21  8.01  9.26  9.31   47  375.0
                 DH   28
 2005 34 NYY AL  1B   78    581   19    7   50  .988  .994  7.69  8.11  9.64  9.60   77  560.0
                 DH   59
+--------------+---+----+------+----+----+----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+----+------+
 Position Total  1B* 972   8298  420   66  772  .992  .993  8.97  8.20              561 4700.0
                 DH  321   Games not counted in Overall Total below
                 LF  112    168   11    2    2  .989  .979  1.60  1.73
                 3B   70     58  124   11   14  .943  .954  2.60  2.18
                 RF    1      2    0    0    0 1.000  .979  2.00  1.70
+--------------+---+----+------+----+----+----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+----+------+
 Overall Total      1155   8526  555   79  788  .991  .992  7.86  7.20

Postseason Batting


 Year Round Tm  Opp WLser  G   AB  R   H  2B 3B HR RBI  BB  SO  BA    OBP   SLG  SB CS SH SF HBP
+------------------+-----+---+---+---+---+--+--+--+---+---+---+-----+-----+-----+--+--+--+--+--+
 2000 ALDS  OAK NYY   L     5  14   2   4  0  0  0   1   7   2  .286  .500  .286  0  0  0  1  0
 2001 ALDS  OAK NYY   L     5  17   2   6  0  0  1   4   4   2  .353  .455  .529  0  0  0  1  0
 2002 ALDS  NYY ANA   L     4  14   5   5  0  0  1   3   4   1  .357  .526  .571  0  0  0  0  1
 2003 ALDS  NYY MIN   W     4  16   1   4  2  0  0   2   2   5  .250  .333  .375  0  0  0  0  0
      ALCS  NYY BOS   W     7  26   4   6  0  0  3   3   4   7  .231  .333  .577  0  0  0  0  0
      WS    NYY FLA   L     6  17   2   4  1  0  1   1   4   3  .235  .409  .471  0  0  0  0  1
+------------------+-----+---+---+---+---+--+--+--+---+---+---+-----+-----+-----+--+--+--+--+--+
  4 Lg Div Series    1-3   18  61  10  19  2  0  2  10  17  10  .311  .457  .443  0  0  0  2  1
  6 Postseason Ser   2-4   31 104  16  29  3  0  6  14  25  20  .279  .421  .481  0  0  0  2  2
+------------------+-----+---+---+---+---+--+--+--+---+---+---+-----+-----+-----+--+--+--+--+--+

WLser shows whether the player's team Won or Lost the series.

Appearances on Leaderboards and Awards   Glossary


Awards are Year-League-Award, Stats are Year-Value-Rank All-Star
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004

 Awards
2000-Hutch Award
2000-AL-MVP

 Silver Sluggers
2001-AL--1B
2002-AL--1B
All Multiple Winners
 MVP (YrLg-Rk-Shr)
1999-AL-8-0.12
2000-AL-1-0.81
2001-AL-2-0.72
2002-AL-5-0.41
2003-AL-13-0.09
Car-74-2.15 shares
 Batting Average
2000-.333-7
2001-.342-2
2002-.314-6

 On-base %
1999-.422-8
2000-.476-1
2001-.477-1
2002-.435-3
2003-.412-3
2005-.440-1
Act-.413-6
Car-.413-30


Slugging %
2000-.647-3
2001-.660-1
2002-.598-4
2005-.535-8
Act-.539-19
Car-.539-37

 OPS
1999-.975-7
2000-1.123-3
2001-1.137-1
2002-1.034-3
2003-.939-7
2005-.975-5
Act-.953-12
Car-.953-23

 Games
1999-158-8

 Runs
1999-115-9
2000-108-10
2001-109-6
2002-120-4

 Hits
2001-178-10

 Total Bases
2000-330-8
2001-343-3
2002-335-6


Doubles
1996-40-10
1997-41-8
2001-47-1

 Home Runs
2000-43-2
2001-38-7
2002-41-4
2003-41-4
2005-32-10
Act-313-21
Car-313-98

 RBI
1999-123-6
2000-137-4
2001-120-8
2002-122-5
2003-107-8

 Bases on Balls
1999-105-2
2000-137-1
2001-129-1
2002-109-2
2003-129-1
2005-108-1
Act-979-14

 Strikeouts
2003-140-1

 Adjusted OPS+
1999-148-7
2000-188-1
2001-202-1
2002-174-3
2003-151-3
2005-156-6
Act-149-6
Car-149-36


Runs Created
1999-134-6
2000-157-3
2001-162-1
2002-143-3
Act-1150-29

 Extra-Base Hits
1999-70-10
2001-87-1
2002-76-8

 Times on Base
1999-293-3
2000-316-2
2001-320-1
2002-300-1
2003-284-3

 Hit By Pitch
2000-9-9
2001-13-8
2002-15-3
2003-21-1
2005-19-4
Act-111-9
Car-111-41

 Sac. Flies
1999-8-10
2001-9-6

 Intentional Walks
2001-24-2


Grounded into Double Plays
2001-17-6
2002-18-6

 Salary
2005-13,428,571-10






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There is overwhelming evidence which shows that creatine supplementation does cause an increase in the amount of creatine phosphate in muscles. Harris et al (1992) conducted a study examining creatine content in the quadriceps femoris muscle in 17 subjects after supplementation of 5 g of creative monohydrate 4-6 times a day for two days. The results found a significant increase in the total creatine level in all subjects but the results were especially noticeable in those with the lowest muscle creatine store at the start of the study. To determine whether exercise could affect the amount of creatine absorbed by muscles, some of the participants followed a unique training program. During supplementation, they pedaled a bicycle ergometer for one hour each day while using only one leg to supply the pedaling force. With supplementation, the unexercised legs increased their creatine levels by about 25 percent, but the exercised legs increased their creatine levels by 37 percent. It is hypothesized that exercise increases the flow of blood to the muscles or changes the rate at which muscles absorb creative from the blood, thus improving the creatine loading effect. Another study conducted by Febbraio replicated the results obtained by Harris.

Several studies also show that creatine supplementation does cause an increase in muscle strength. Earnest et al (1995) conducted a study investigating the influence of creatine monohydrate supplementation on muscular power and strength in 10 experienced weight trained male subjects. Three series of high intensity, anaerobic type muscular workouts were used. The first series consisted of three consecutive 30 second Wingate bike tests, followed by five minuets of rest. Peak anaerobic power was defined as the greatest power achieved in a given five second work interval. Anaerobic work was defined as the total amount of work performed in a 30 second period. The second series used a one repetition maximum (lRM) free weight bench press as a test of muscular strength. The third series utilized complete lifting repetitions at 70% of the bench press IRM until fatigue. Fatigue was defined as the inability to complete one lifting repetition or the inability to maintain a lifting cadence of one second eccentric and one second concentric (lifting and lowering the weight). Total lifting volume was calculated as 70% of pre-test IRM multiplied by the number of complete lifting repetitions. Subjects received either a glucose placebo or creatine monohydrate supplement in a double blind fashion. (After 14 days of supplementation, each subject was re-tested on the Wingate bike tests. Re-testing for the weight lifting trials was done after 28 days of supplementation.

Within the creatine group, total anaerobic work from the Wingate tests was significantly higher during all post-test trials. The increases were 13% for series one, 18% for series two and 18% for series three. No changes were noted in the placebo group. Greater total anaerobic work resulted from the creatine subject's ability to achieve and maintain higher levels of anaerobic power consistently over- each five second time interval. Bench press IRM increased 6% in the creatine group. Total lifting volume was significantly higher within the creatine group, whether expressed in absolute terms (26%) or relative terms (29%). Increases in the total lifting volume were associated with the ability of the creatine group to perform 26% more lifting repetitions. The authors conclude that the ability of the creatine group to perform a greater total lifting volume demonstrates the effectiveness of creatine as an ergogenic aid.

In Hultman's study (cited in Anderson, 1974) these results were replicated. Each day, creatine was given in six separate doses of five grams a day. During the six-day period, five other Estonian runners of comparable ability received a glucose placebo instead. All runners were unaware of the actual composition of their supplements. Before and after the six-day supplementation, the athletes ran four 300-meter and (on a separate day) four 1000-meter intervals, with three minutes of rest between the 300-meter intervals and four minutes of rest between the 1000-meter intervals. Improvement on the final 300-meter interval (from pre-to-post supplementation) was more than twice as great for creatine users, and improvement was more than three times as great for creatine supplements in the final 1000-meter interval. Total time to run all four 1000-meter intervals improved from 770 to 757 seconds after creatine supplementation. In comparison, the placebo group actually slowed from 774 to 775 seconds.

In Hultman's study (cited by Anderson, 1994) creatine supplementation was very important during the last interval of each workout. Creatine supplementers doubled their advantage during the final 300-meter interval and tripled their advantage in the closing 1000-meter sprint. This supports Hultman's hypothesis that creatine is likely to be most helpful when lactic acid levels are highest and fatigue is greatest. Hultman thus feels that creatine serves as a buffer lowering lactic acid muscle burn and delaying fatigue, thus allowing an athlete to perform longer workouts.

In contrast, Balsom at al (1993) investigated the influence of creatine supplementation on endurance exercise performance in the form of a 6 km run and showed that creatine supplementation does not enhance performance or increase peak oxygen uptake during prolonged continuous exercise. There was actually decreased performance in the creatine supplementation group, which may be attributed to the participants weight gain.

In support of Balsam et al (1993), Febbraio et al (1995) conclude that creatine supplementation "may not increase performance during exercise where a significant proportion of energy is derived form aerobic metabolism." This aerobic metabolism occurs during more prolonged, sustained exercise as opposed to anaerobic metabolism which occurs during fast, nonsustained muscle contractions. It is therefore more likely that if creatine supplementation has an effect it will only be seen during brief, anaerobic exercise such as sprinting or weight lifting.

As you may or may not know, creatine monohydrate will not fully dissolve in liquid. That's why you always get that gritty sand at the bottom of the glass. Look at it this way, if it falls like sand to the bottom of your glass what does it do in your stomach? Maybe that explains why so many complain of stomach discomfort when using regular creatine monohydrate.

New High Grade "CreaBlast" Creatine
With Sharp Labs Inc.'s endless strive for excellence in all phases of sports supplement science and manufacturing we have finally released our new high grade ultra pure new creatine supplement that incorporates state-of-the-art particle micronizing technology.

This technology sets a new standard for creatine monohydrate supplementation by actually producing creatine "micro-particles" that are 20 times smaller than regular creatine powder.

High grade micronized creatine has numerous advantages over regular creatine monohydrate.

Faster Absorption
"CreaBlast" Creatine's smaller particle size means quicker digestion and faster utilization. Our capsules are packed with these tiny crea-particles and release superior performance.

More Efficient
20 times more total surface area for greater uptake into the bloodstream.

Greater Purity
Micronizing creatine produces a more pure creatine. By increasing the total processing steps and purification procedures, "CreaBlast" yields a finished product substantially more pure. Test it. We challenge you.

Mixes Easier and Better
"CreaBlast" Creatine has 20 times more surface area. Greater service area means easier, faster and more complete mixing.

No Stomach Upset
Regular creatine monohydrate sits in the gut longer. This causes discomfort to many users. CreaBlast Micronized Creatine goes into solution better and leaves the gut quicker causing no stomach upset.

Better Results
New "CreaBlast" Micron High grade Creatine offers 2000% more particle surface area for better utilization, better uptake, and faster results.

Drink Plenty of Liquids!
Creatine works by enhancing muscle cell hydration. It is very important to consume adequate fluids while taking creatine to see best results. A good rule of thumb is to drink an EXTRA 16 to 20 ounces of liquid for every 5 grams of creatine you take.

During your Loading Phase you should be drinking an EXTRA 64 to 80 ounces of liquid than you normally drink. During the maintenance phase you should drink an EXTRA 32 to 40 ounces.

Order "CreaBlast™" Now!



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